Co-Located Conference Agendas
Flow Chemistry European Summit 2024 | Innovations in Microfluidics & 3D-Printing Europe 2024 |
2024年3月25日（月）08:00 | Conference Registration and Materials Pick-Up + Coffee in the Exhibit Hall | |
Session Title: Conference Opening Session - Flow Chemistry 2024 |
| | 09:00 |  | Conference Chair Welcome and Introduction by Conference Chairperson and Vision of Continuous Flow - Local API Manufacturing
Paul Watts, Distinguished Professor and Research Chair, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa
Africa has a variety of formulation companies, however the active pharmaceutical ingredients are generally imported. This results in increased drug costs, making medications unaffordable to many patients in Africa.
When micro reactor technology and flow chemistry was introduced it was seen as a research and development tool, however it is now being used to produce large quantities of product. The drivers being increased safety, higher yields and purity as well as reduced production cost. There is now a range of commercial reactors on the market, which means that most companies are investigating this technology to rapidly screen reactions, leading to the identification of reaction conditions that are suitable for use at a production level.
COVID-19 caused drug shortages around the world, demonstrating the need for local production capacity. To this effect, we are working on developing local drug manufacturing capacity in Africa using continuous flow technology, with the goal of lowering the cost of drugs, improving drug accessibility and ultimately improving Africa’s health. A selection of cases studies will be presented. |
| 09:45 |  | Keynote Presentation Enantioselective Organocatalysis in Flow Mode
C. Oliver Kappe, Professor and Scientific Director, Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing, University of Graz, Austria
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective organocatalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. In this lecture flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of immobilized metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems will be presented. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses from our group will be discussed. |
| 10:30 | Mid-Morning Coffee Break and Networking in the Exhibit Hall | 11:00 |  | Keynote Presentation Selective Thermal Deprotection of N-Boc Protected Amines in Continuous Flow
Anita Maguire, Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University College Cork, Ireland
Among the various protecting groups employed to protect amines during synthetic steps, Boc protection has proved particularly effective. While removal of Boc protecting groups under acidic conditions is one of the most frequently encountered transformations within the chemical and pharmaceutical community, there are limitations including selectivity, compatibility with other acid labile groups, vigorous off-gassing and foaming. Thermal N-Boc deprotection of a range of amines is readily effected in continuous flow, in the absence of an acid catalyst. While the optimum results were obtained in methanol or trifluoroethanol, deprotection can be effected in a range of solvents of different polarities. Sequential selective deprotection of N-Boc groups has been demonstrated, as exemplified by effective removal of an aryl N-Boc group in the presence of an alkyl N-Boc group. |
| 11:30 | Generation and Use of Reactive Species Under Continuous Flow Conditions
Julio Cezar Pastre, Associate Professor, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil
A distinct advantage when performing transformations in continuous flow is the ability to handle reactive or short-lived intermediates and safely determine the destiny of these species without isolation or exposure to these hazardous materials. This ability to control reactive intermediates affords greater flexibility in processing, by defining product outcomes or aiding scale-up. In this talk, I will present some contributions to the generation of reactive intermediates such as acylketenes, unstabilised diazo compounds, radicals and further exploitation of their chemistry to the synthesis of key building blocks. | 12:00 |  | Keynote Presentation Supramolecular Chemistry in Flow: Challenges and Opportunities
Anna Slater, Professor of Chemistry and Royal Society University Research Fellow, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
Molecular materials and supramolecular systems have great potential in separation and sensing applications, but their synthesis and scale-up is challenging because their formation and self-assembly is strongly influenced by reaction environment. We use three approaches to control the formation of 3D molecular species and their assembly into molecular materials: 1) tuning the building blocks; 2) varying the interaction strength between building blocks, and 3) controlling the process by which they are made.
In this talk I will outline the third strategy with our work on porous organic cages (POCs), macrocycles, and organic materials, showing how continuous flow chemistry and non-thermal plasma approaches are useful tools for supramolecular chemists.
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| 12:30 | Networking Buffet Lunch in the Exhibit Hall -- Networking with Colleagues, Engage with Exhibitors | |
Session Title: Emerging Methods and Approaches in the Flow Chemistry Field |
| | 14:00 | Continuous Photocatalytic C-X Couplings in Polymer-Based Microreactors
Gianvito Vilé, Associate Professor in Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| 14:30 | Flow-based Methods for Chemical Peptide and Protein Synthesis
Nina Hartrampf, Assistant Professor, University of Zurich, Switzerland
The field of biopharmaceuticals is rapidly expanding, requiring new methods for the on-demand production of chemically modified peptides and proteins. This chemical synthesis involves the iterative formation of amide bonds and requires high yields for efficient incorporation of each individual amino acid. Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) has been a standard method for chemical peptide and protein production for the past 60 years, but its outcome can be highly dependent on the peptide sequence synthesized. One issue that often arises is the aggregation of growing peptide chains on the solid support, which can lead to incomplete couplings ("difficult sequences”), and this effect generally correlates with low synthesis yields. Previous research into this sequence-dependent phenomenon was limited by the lack of high-throughput analytical methods, thus impeding systematic analysis.
As opposed to batch-SPPS, flow-SPPS not only accomplishes rapid synthesis of tailored peptides and proteins but also enables the collection of in-line analytical data that gives new insights into sequence-dependent events such as aggregation. In this presentation, various parameters affecting aggregation will be analyzed, and the development of new computational methods, technological solutions, and synthetic tools to reduce the sequence dependence in SPPS will be disclosed. | 15:00 | | 15:30 | Mid-Afternoon Coffee Break and Networking in the Exhibit Hall | 16:00 |  | Keynote Presentation Exploring the Synergy Between a priori Computational Intelligence and Flow Process Development
Jean-Christophe Monbaliu, Professor of Organic Chemistry, Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS), University of Liège, Belgium
The assets of flow chemistry for (re)exploring forbidden chemistries and new process windows are now well established. However, when experimental data is lacking, developing a flow process can sometimes be cumbersome, time- and resource-intensive. This talk illustrates our efforts to lessen the experimental burden and to accelerate the development of new reactions and flow processes. Our work lies at the interface of computational chemistry and flow organic chemistry, and converges toward a quantum assistant that merges computational chemistry and machine learning. This predictive model scouts for the vast and new chemical space that flow chemistry provides. Not only will this assistant help you to decide whether your reaction is doable in flow, but it also provides the best conditions for the preparation of libraries within minutes. |
| 16:30 |  Compound Library Generation using Flow Chemistry
Andrew Mansfield, Flow Chemistry Leader, Syrris
Pursuing new classes of compounds which can be used as new medicines for treatment of diseases is not a simple task. Researchers often create new active compounds from scratch, through a laborious process involving synthesizing and testing thousands of compounds aiming to find those suitable to be tested in human beings.
In this context, Medicinal Chemistry is an interdisciplinary science at the interface of chemical biology, pharmacology, and medicine playing a fundamental role to define novel therapeutic approaches and discover new drugs. One of the major purposes of medicinal chemistry is the design and synthesis of new lead compounds for druggable targets. This process involves the synthesis and testing of often tens of thousands of exploratory compounds to disclose one new drug. From a medicinal chemist’s view point the synthesis of diverse compounds to screen is a key part of the drug discovery process. Chemists are constantly looking for alternative solutions to solve limitations of chemical synthesis, to increase the tools in their toolbox. The adoption of enabling chemical technologies as automation and flow systems have enabled chemists to shorten iterative learning cycles through early discovery to production and to the point of care.
The content of the presentation will cover a range of topic areas around how flow chemistry impacts and enables the generation of new, diverse compound libraries through the use of automated flow chemistry techniques to accelerate the early drug discovery process. While chemists at each stage of the drug discovery and development process will see specific benefits when implementing continuous flow techniques, the pharmaceutical industry’s desire to ultimately move towards the continuous manufacturing of future drugs means all stages of the drug lifecycle need to be aware of - and potentially implementing - continuous flow.
| 17:00 |  Advances in Continuous Flow: Reactor Technology, Pump Capabilities and Solid-Phase Synthesis
Manuel Nuño, Chief Scientific Officer, Vapourtec Ltd.
Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer an alternative to plug flow reactors when used in series as a cascade of reactors. CSTRs are well suited for biphasic reactions and processes involving solids, such as heterogeneous catalysis or the formation of insoluble intermediates. Reaction products can be separated from starting materials and residence time distributions can be well controlled. In this presentation, Manuel will discuss the different approaches to reaction optimisation when using CSTR or tubular reactors for a biphasic reaction as well as a Suzuki coupling. Vapourtec recently launched the SF-10+, a heated peristaltic pump, designed to heat and pump fluids up to 80 Degrees C. By working at these temperatures, we can deal with reagents that are solid at room temperature but liquid at higher temperatures, supersaturated solutions and even high viscosity fluids, otherwise impossible to handle. Fast flow peptide synthesis (FF-SPPS) and their applications in both lab and pilot scale. By working in single-pass continuous flow and controlling the packing density, peptide synthesis can be scaled more efficiently than batch processes while accessing valuable real-time data, such as UV spectra. When combining both UV spectral data and resin volume change, the precise moment of aggregation of peptides can be identified in the sequence. By way of example, Manuel will show the optimization of GLP-1 analogues at 50 µmol scale and the direct scale-up with a 300X factor, with identical purity.
| 17:30 |  | Keynote Presentation Opportunities for Iodine Reagents in Flow Synthesis
Thomas Wirth, Professor, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
The development of catalytic reactions based on stoichiometric reactions using iodine-based reagents will be discussed. Novel chiral reagents and catalysts allow the easy synthesis of versatile scaffolds as synthetic building blocks as well as applications towards total synthesis. The direct electron transfer at electrode surfaces is one of the prototypical green technologies of the future and the use of microreactors further advances and simplifies that technology. The use of a robust and flexible flow microreactor for electrochemistry will be presented for the facile generation of iodine(III) reagents. Examples of stereoselective iodine(III)-mediated electrochemical reactions are being discussed. |
| 18:00 | Networking Reception with Dutch Beer in the JAG Bar - Network and Engage with Colleagues in a Social Setting | 19:00 | Close of Day 1 Main Conference Programming |
2024年3月26日（火）08:00 | Morning Coffee and Networking in the Exhibit Hall | |
Session Title: 3D-Printing and Microfluidics -- Joint Session of the Two Tracks |
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Session Chairperson: Professor Noah Malmstadt |
| | 08:30 | Title to be Confirmed.
Noah Malmstadt, Professor, Mork Family Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, United States of America
| 09:00 |  | Keynote Presentation Microfluidic Approaches for the Controlled Synthesis of Particles
Simon Kuhn, Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Belgium, Belgium
Microfluidic flow reactors offer several advantages compared to conventional batch reactors, such as improved control, increased performance, and enhanced process safety. The integration of crystallization in these devices has remained difficult, as crystals tend to clog the flow channels. Both active (with an externally applied force, e.g. ultrasound) and passive methods (without external forces, e.g. multiphase flow) have been proposed to tackle this issue. Many crystallization processes rely on the addition of seeds to induce secondary nucleation. Seeding in continuous microfluidic reactors is rarely done, as the seeds are continuously flushed out and the clogging susceptibility increases. This contribution presents a seeded microfluidic nucleation section which can be used for continuous cooling crystallization. The performance of the off-line continuous seeding platform is established via the seed delivery efficiency, a measure for the seed transport through the seeding module, for constant and oscillatory flows. Second, the yields of seeded and unseeded crystallization are evaluated in the presence and absence of microbubbles. A statistically significant increase in the net yield was obtained when comparing unseeded and seeded crystallization, which can be attributed to the increased nucleation rates because of secondary nucleation. It is shown that also in the presence of seeds, the addition of microbubbles increases the productivity. Advancing to zeolite synthesis, a seeded milli-fluidic crystallizer is developed, which also features low frequency ultrasound integration, which is known to speed up crystallization kinetics during the synthesis thanks to the formation and collapse of cavitation bubbles, creation of local hotspots, intense mixing and enhanced dissolution of the amorphous species, which shorten induction time and increase growth rate. This system enables to compare the synthesis conditions in batch, silent and sonicated, and in continuous, silent and sonicated, in terms of residence time, crystallinity, and solid yield. Secondly, the change in the product characteristics, such as morphology, crystal size and crystal size distribution, pore size and its distribution in the framework is characterized. This work provides valuable insights into the design and operation of continuous crystallization processes. |
| 09:30 | Kloé Technology Spotlight Presentation | 10:00 | The Development and Use of 3D Printed Reactors in Flow and Photoflow Chemistry and the Collaborative Photoflow System - the Proteus Aether
Stephen Hilton, Associate Professor, University College London School of Pharmacy, United Kingdom
In this talk we will describe our research into 3D printing and our research into the applications of various 3D printed reactors in flow chemistry, flow electrochemistry and flow photochemistry. We will also describe research from other groups into their use across a range of chemistry examples, demonstrating how the use of these low-cost reactors can make flow chemistry more accessible and reduce the barrier to entry for chemists in this key technology. As part of our research into 3D printing, we will also describe our research into the Proteus Aether - a low cost 3D printed continuous flow system designed to make photoflow chemistry more accessible and accurate, with digital telemetry and its use by others. | 10:30 | Mid-Morning Coffee Break and Networking in the Exhibit Hall | 11:00 | In-Flow Screening of Immobilized Photocatalysts in 3D Printed Microreactors
Anca Roibu, Postdoctoral Fellow, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
Flow microreactors are promising devices for screening photocatalyst activity due to reaction times in the range of minutes compared to several hours in conventional photoreactors and the ease of connection to inline analytical techniques. A microfluidic platform which consists of parallel microreactors and a rotating multi-wavelength LED light source was developed and its operation was automated. The microreactors were manufactured by 3D printing, the photocatalysts were immobilized as thin films, and the photocatalytic activity was investigated by applying successively various illumination conditions. The microfluidic platform was used for screening the activity of TiO2-based photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants (e.g. imidacloprid, phenol). | 11:30 | ASIGA Technology Spotlight Presentation | 12:00 |  Can Microfluidics be Truly User-Friendly?
Camila Betterelli Giuliano, Microfluidics Innovation Specialist, Microfluidics Innovation Center
Microfluidics is said to become the backbone of the bio-revolution. Yet, the highest reported barrier to adoption of the technology is its complex usability. Let’s be honest, biology is already complex enough. So, how can we expect researchers to harvest the microfluidic power of new in vitro models if they don’t have the headspace to assemble Lego-like setups? Enough with the meters of tubing and million connectors, come see how design is meeting science.
| 12:30 | Eden Microfluidics Technology Spotlight Presentation | 13:00 | Networking Buffet Lunch in the Exhibit Hall -- Networking with Colleagues, Engage with Exhibitors, View Posters | |
Session Chair: Professor Paul Watts |
| | 14:00 | Copper-Catalyzed Continuous-Flow Transfer Hydrogenation In Ethylene Glycol
Katia Martina, Associate Professor of Organic Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy
Conventional protocols are increasingly being replaced by new efficient synthetic processes that use safer chemicals, naturally abundant solvents, atom economy and efficient catalytic systems to yield the desired product with sustainability, scalability and high chemical efficiency. Flow approaches have been demonstrated to show great merit in safety and speed, as well as in their increased yields and quality. Given the importance of this process in both industry and academia, it is not surprising that a vast number of catalytic flow-chemistry hydrogenation protocols have been reported over the last decade with noble metals and that reductions of nitro benzene to aniline and alkyne to alkenes are largely studied. Non-noble metals have also been of great interest to the scientific community due to their economic and environmental advantages. The preparation of a robust supported catalyst that is made up of copper nanoparticles on celite for the selective transfer hydrogenation under continuous flow of nitroarenes and alkynes will be presented. The method is efficient and environmentally benign thanks to the absence of hydrogen gas and precious metals. Long-term stability studies show that the catalytic system is able to achieve very high conversion (> 99%) when working for long time. The versatility of the transfer hydrogenation system has been tested using representative examples with moderate-to-excellent yields being obtained. | 14:30 | From Improving Known Reactions to the Discovery of New Reactivity Exploiting Flow
Marcus Baumann, Assistant Professor, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Ireland
Through reactor miniaturization flow chemistry offers superb control over reaction conditions and thus lends itself towards the safe generation and immediate consumption of high-energy intermediates that would not be viable in analogous batch reactions. Our group1-5 and others have exploited this advantage to improve both the yield and selectivity of a number of synthetically important transformations. This talk will showcase several flow reactions including lithiations and photochemical processes that demonstrate the value of flow in this context, for instance for the generation and use of benzynes, acyl radicals and [1.1.1]propellane. The discovery of new chemical space aid by flow synthesis will be discussed as well. | 15:00 | Flow Biocatalysis for the Synthesis of Natural Compounds
Martina Letizia Contente, Tenure-Track Assistant Professor, University of Milan, Italy
Due to healthy life style of modern society, the preference for bio-compounds derived from natural sources is rapidly expanding. On the other hand, according with both European and US regulation (EMA and FDA) processing natural starting material with biocatalytic approaches let the commercialization of the final product as natural too, thus increasing its market value. In this scenario, the combination of biocatalysts, (whole cells and cell-free enzymes) with flow facilities, represents an emerging technology to enhance reaction productivity and sustainability. Through immobilization techniques the biocatalysts can be easily integrated in flow chemistry reactors, while their stability under operational conditions is dramatically improved. Moreover, due to the catalyst recovery and reuse for several reaction cycles cost-effective processes can be developed. Valuable natural molecules such as aroma-compounds, potent antioxidants as well as bioactive molecules have been successfully prepared merging the advantages of flow reactors with the specificity and benign conditions of biocatalysts. This strategy representing an alternative route for natural compound production in addition to plant extraction, and promoting a responsible care of natural resources is extremely attractive for a series sectors in particular food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. | 15:30 | Mid-Afternoon Coffee Break and Networking in the Exhibit Hall | 16:00 | Flow Chemistry and Biomass Valorization - An Emerging Green Technology
Christophe Len, Professor, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, France
The principles of sustainable development, bio-economy and circular economy are gaining ground in the synthesis of industrially important molecules. Furfural, glycerol and derivatives, which serve as central platform molecules, are the subject of various research efforts aimed at optimizing their conversion for the synthesis of valuable compounds. In line with the prevailing push for green chemistry and sustainable development, chemists have recently been at the forefront of innovative catalytic reactions using continuous flow processes combined or not with alternative technologies such as microwave, ultrasound, ball milling…. This progressive shift underscores a commitment to advancing environmentally friendly practices in the field of chemical synthesis. This study presents recent breakthroughs in the continuous production of bio-based chemicals derived from furfural, glycerol and derivatives. These intermediates and target chemicals are synthesized from biomass or carbohydrates using both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Various reaction parameters, including temperature, catalyst and feedstock loadings, and solvent types, have been meticulously optimized over time. The design, synthesis, and physicochemical properties of these derivatives are comprehensively elucidated. | 16:30 | Pragmatic Continuous Flow Solutions for Larger Scale Synthesis Reactions
Floris Rutjes, Professor, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Netherlands
This presentation will highlight some recent examples of continuous flow chemistry that were developed to solve synthetic challenges in the corresponding batch reactions, including separation of E- and Z-isomers, synthesis of complex sialic acids and determination of reaction kinetics. | 17:00 | Automated Cu(II) Monitoring over a Wide Concentration Range with Microflow Injection Analysis System Employing Modular 3D-Printed Platforms
David Ricart Fort, PhD Student, Escola Politècnica Superior d'Enginyeria de Manresa (EPSEM), Spain
An automated microflow injection analysis (microFIA) system has been developed for continuous monitoring of Cu(II) in a bioreactor using a colorimetric method. The system combines different 3D printed modules. The reagents used are hydroxylamine and neocuproine.
| 17:30 | Photoredox Catalytic Reactions in Continuous Flow Reactors
Maurizio Benaglia, Full Professor of Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
In the last few years, the use of continuous-flow systems has been widely exploited in the synthesis of chiral APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). Furthermore, the combination of organocatalysis and photochemistry may give a straightforward access to molecules which would otherwise be difficult to attain. Organocatalytic in flow reactions in (micro)-mesoreactors and in CSTRs (continuous stirred tank reactors) will be presented. A visible-light catalyzed cyclization of bis(enones) to afford enantiomerically enriched cyclopentane rings, a metallaphotoredox strategy for the synthesis of tryptamines and the use of packed-bed reactors in light-driven reactions will be discussed. | 18:00 | Combining (photo)Biocatalysis with Continuous Flow: Efficient Biotransformations in 3D Printed Reactors
Heidrun Gruber-Wölfler, Associate Professor, Graz University of Technology, Austria
Biocatalysis has gained a lot of popularity in recent years as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional catalysis in synthetic chemistry. Enzymes have a variety of advantages, including as low toxicity, little environmental effect, high activity in moderate settings, and good selectivity. Nevertheless, new and innovative approaches are still required in order to increase the stability of biocatalysts and make biocatalytic processes in continuous flow commercially feasible. In this contribution the design of continuous, inexpensive, and stable biocatalytic processes for a more sustainable synthesis of fine chemicals will be discussed. In the first part, the design of a continuous automated process to evaluate the efficiency of the model enzyme PAD (phenolic acid decarboxylase) covalently immobilized on 3D printed supports [1] will be presented. For a Design of Experiments (DoE) evaluation, an automated control setup was operated by a Python-based application in order to quickly identify the optimal operating conditions and increase the level of process understanding.
The second part of the presentation will cover the construction and optimization of photo-bioreactors for carrying out light-driven biotransformations in recombinant cyanobacteria [2]. In particular, the stereoselective reduction of 2-methyl maleimide was investigated via a design-of-experiments approach.
Lastly, the combination of photo- and biocatalysis will be presented for a multistep flow process including an a-CF3-substituted ketone production in a self-made photoreactor, followed by an enzymatic ketoreduction catalyzed by an ADH-Lica (alcohol dehydrogenase) enzyme to obtain chiral trifluoromethylated alcohols.
Overall, our approaches successfully bridge well-established technologies in chemical engineering (such as additive manufacturing, process automation and optimization) with biotechnology (e.g. enzyme immobilization) and continuous flow to design more sustainable synthetic routes for fine chemicals and APIs.
[1] A. Valotta, M. C. Maier, S. Soritz, M. Pauritsch, M. Koenig, D. Brouczek, M. Schwentenwein, H. Gruber-Woelfler, J Flow Chem 2021, 11, 675-689
[2] A. Valotta, L. Malihan-Yap, K. Hinteregger, R. Kourist, H. Gruber-Woelfler, ChemSusChem. 2022, 15, e202201468 | 18:30 | Flow Enabled Synthesis of Multiresistant Drug Clofazimine
Rajat Pandey, Postdoctoral Fellow, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa
Drug resistance to tuberculosis is still one of the significant challenges worldwide. Clofazimine, which belongs to the riminophenazine (anti-biotic) class, is still one of the active drugs that are efficient against drug resistance M. Tuberculosis. Apart from this, it is also a WHO-approved drug for the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's Disease) and, at present, is under phase 2 clinical trial for its activity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Owing to its vast importance in clinical research, we have developed a continuous-flow mediated synthesis of clofazimine using readily available p-chloroaniline and 1-fluro-2-nitrobenzene. The target drug molecule was obtained from four consecutive chemical transformations with nominal reaction time and improved purity and yields when compared to the batch process. Moreover, the first two steps were also successfully telescoped under optimized reaction conditions. |
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